Heterogeneity of stromal cells in chronic inflammatory disease. Subpopulations of stromal cells, including fibroblasts, blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs), and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), identified from single-cell transcriptomics, display specific molecular repatterning, potentially leading to activated states. Activated stromal cells can trigger cytokine/chemokine responses, enhance T-cell persistence, and alter extracellular matrix (ECM) components relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Schematic overview of fluorescence-based techniques for ER signaling dynamics. This figure offers a visual representation of the use of fluorescence-based approaches in studying the five principal estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways. Each pathway is outlined within a pink frame and features an array of techniques for exploring ER dynamics. Notable methods demonstrated include fluorescent protein tagging (FPt), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and proximity ligation assay (PLA). Additionally, the involvement of 17β-estradiol (E2) in these assays is highlighted.