BMB Reports 2022; 55(10): 512-517  https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2022.55.10.097
The effects of early exercise in traumatic brain-injured rats with changes in motor ability, brain tissue, and biomarkers
Chung Kwon Kim1,2,3,# , Jee Soo Park2,4,#, Eunji Kim3, Min-Kyun Oh5, Yong-Taek Lee6, Kyung Jae Yoon6, Kyeung Min Joo1,2,3,4 , Kyunghoon Lee1,4,* & Young Sook Park7,*
1Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, 2Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, 3Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Seoul 08517, 4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, 5Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, 6Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, 7Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon 51353, Korea
Correspondence to: Young Sook Park, Tel: +82-55-233-5995; Fax: +82-55-233-5454; E-mail: jijibaeheiwon@hanmail.net; Kyunghoon Lee, Tel: +82-31-299-6070; Fax: +82-31-299-6429; E-mail: leekh@skku.edu
#These authors contributed equally to this work.
Received: June 13, 2022; Revised: July 6, 2022; Accepted: August 17, 2022; Published online: October 31, 2022.
© Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All rights reserved.

cc This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage which is caused by the impact of external mechanical forces. TBI can lead to the temporary or permanent impairment of physical and cognitive abilities, resulting in abnormal behavior. We recently observed that a single session of early exercise in animals with TBI improved their behavioral performance in the absence of other cognitive abnormalities. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of continuous exercise during the early stages of TBI in rats. We found that continuous low-intensity exercise in early-stage improves the locomotion recovery in the TBI of animal models; however, it does not significantly enhance short-term memory capabilities. Moreover, continuous early exercise not only reduces the protein expression of cerebral damage-related markers, such as Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), S100β, Protein Gene Products 9.5 (PGP9.5), and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), but it also decreases the expression of apoptosis-related protein BAX and cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, exercise training in animals with TBI decreases the microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, such as CCL20, IL-13, IL-1α, and IL-1β. These findings thus demonstrate that early exercise therapy for TBI may be an effective strategy in improving physiological function, and that serum protein levels are useful biomarkers for the predicition of the effectiveness of early exercise therapy.
Keywords: Apoptosis, Biomarker, Early exercise, Exercise therapy, Traumatic brain injury

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Funding Information
  • National Research Foundation of Korea
      10.13039/501100003725
      NRF-2016R1A5A2945889, 2017R1A2B4010100, 2018 R1D1A1B07050274, NRF-2020R1F1A1073261
  • Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning
      10.13039/501100004083
      NRF-2016R1A5A2945889, 2017R1A2B4010100, 2018 R1D1A1B07050274, NRF-2020R1F1A10732

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