This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Skin aging is a common dermatological problem and is subject to intrinsic and extrinsic processes (1). Intrinsic skin aging is a physiological change, chronologically influenced by genetic and hormonal factors, whereas skin aging is extrinsically influenced by environment and lifestyle factors, such as chronic light exposure and chemicals (2). These factors incorporate histopathological and immunohistochemical alternations in each skin layer, such as changes in skin appearance after UV exposure (3-5). Furthermore, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors result to decreased levels of elastin and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts and increased melanin production in melanocytes (6-8).
Collagen and elastin are structural proteins in the skin that maintain both elasticity and firmness (9). Interestingly, the fibrous protein collagen constitutes the majority of the skin and contributes to maintain mechanical strength of tissues (10). The collagen molecule is composed of three chains wound together in a tight triple helix. Every third amino acid is glycine that fits perfectly inside the helix. The triple helix is mainly composed of glycine, followed by proline (or hydroxyproline), and then alanine residues (11). Fibroblasts that produce both collagen and the elastin matrix can be induced by glycolic acid, and these distinctive fibroblast cells are observed in the papillary level of the second layer of the dermis (9). Together, collagen has a specific amino acid composition, which is further associated with fibrogenesis.
Collagen type I, the most abundant type of collagen in humans, is a major structural protein dominant in the bone (more than 90% of the organic mass), tendons, ligaments, cornea, and many interstitial connective tissues (11). Different types of collagen vary in the primary amino acid sequences of their polypeptide chains. Structurally, type I collagen comprises two identical α-1 type I chains and an α-2 type I chain organized in a triple helix (11).
Migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) is essential for skin wound healing and remodeling. The proliferation of HDFs causes their migration into the wound bed, leading to expression of thick actin bundles in myofibroblasts and the synthesis of new extracellular matrix (ECM) (12). Previous studies have identified that growth factors/cytokines such as fibroblast growth factors (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are directly or indirectly associated with HDF motility (12-14). The impact of these growth factors on HDFs covers a broad range of biological phenotypes, such as cellular proliferation, regeneration, and metabolism (15-17).
Our previous study has shown that human collagen alpha-2 type I (hCOL1A2) promotes collagen synthesis, elastin production, and wound healing in normal dermal fibroblasts (18). Our analysis has identified that the hCOL1A2-derived peptide promotes the improvement of skin properties compared with the effects of marine collagen. Although human collagen type I is composed of a triple helix of human collagen alpha-1 type I (hCOL1A1) wound together with hCOL1A2 (11), the effects of hCOL1A1 on skin properties have not been investigated. In this study, we found that hCOL1A1-derived proteins promote collagen synthesis, elastin production, and cell migration in HDFs and HaCaT keratinocytes.
Previous studies have suggested that collagen type I synthesis and fibroblast cell proliferation are required to maintain the strength and elasticity of the skin (19-21). We have previously reported that hCOL1A2-derived proteins promote collagen type I synthesis, elastin production, and fibroblast cell proliferation in normal HDFs (18). To investigate the biological function of hCOL1A1—another major component of human collagen type I, in human skin fibroblasts—we examined the effects of hCOL1A1 domains on collagen type I synthesis in normal HDFs, similar to our previous study (18). Full-length hCOL1A1 and various deletion mutants were generated (Fig. 1A), and Normal HDFs were transfected with plasmids encoding hemagglutinin (HA) (negative control; NC), HA-tagged full-length COL1A1 (FL; chain domain), and the deletion mutants, namely of the N-terminal (N), middle (M), and C-terminal chain (C). The expression of hCOL1A1 FL and deletion mutants was analyzed by immunoblotting (Fig. 1B), and the levels of collagen type I were measured using an hCOL1A1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Interestingly, the M deletion mutant significantly induced collagen type I synthesis compared with the NC or other deletion mutants (Fig. 1C).
In order to narrow down the protein region in the M-domain critical for collagen type I synthesis, we further constructed several deletion mutants inside the M-domain. HDFs were transfected with plasmids encoding HA (NC) and the deletion mutants, namely small middle A (SMA), small middle B (SMB), small middle C (SMC), small middle D (SMD), and small middle E (SME). Cells were analyzed after 48 h of transfection using immunoblotting (Fig. 1D) and the amount of collagen type I was measured with an hCOL1A1 ELISA kit. The SME deletion mutant significantly increased collagen type I synthesis compared with the other deletion mutants; however, the other mutants (SMA, SMB, SMC, or SMD) were also capable of increasing collagen type I synthesis (Fig. 1E). Thus, the C-terminal region spanning amino acid residues 743-880 of SMA and overlapping with both SMC and SMD is the functional and effective region of hCOL1A1 that affects collagen type I synthesis. Then, the SME was further designated as hCOL1A1-collagen effective domain (hCOL1A1-CED).
Next we cloned a histidine (His)-tagged hCOL1A1-CED into the pET-28a (His-tag) vector. Recombinant proteins were pro-duced by the
To further confirm the sequences of purified recombinant hCOL1A1-CED, we analyzed the peptides from in-gel digestion with trypsin using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), showing a representative MS/MS spectrum for the identified peptides originating from hCOL1A1 (781GESGPSGPAGPTGAR796, 1297.61724 m/z) in Fig. 2D and Supplementary Table 1.
We compared the effects of hCOL1A1-CED and EGF on HDF cell proliferation, as these have previously been reported to promote cell proliferation (8, 18, 23). As shown in Fig. 3A, both hCOL1A1-CED protein (10 μg/ml) and EGF (1 μg/ml) showed similar HDF cell proliferation (Fig. 3A). TGF-β1 has been reported to significantly increase collagen type I synthesis and proliferation in both embryonic pulmonary fibroblasts and HDFs in a crowded cell culture system (8, 24). Therefore, to further investigate the effects of hCOL1A1-CED, we compared its effect with that of TGF-β1 or EGF on collagen synthesis. We determined the amount of collagen type I secreted in the culture media of HDFs stimulated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml), EGF (1 μg/ml), or hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml). We found that hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml), TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) and EGF (1 μg/ml) showed similar increases in collagen type I synthesis induction, endogenous
Furthermore, hCOL1A1-CED was detectable in HDF cell lysates even after the culture medium treated with hCOL1A1-CED was washed out (Fig. 3E), suggesting that hCOL1A1-CED is bioactive, similar to other hydrolyzed collagen peptides, and can be absorbed and utilized by HDFs. Together, these results demonstrate that hCOL1A1-CED significantly increases collagen type I synthesis and fibroblast proliferation.
Previous studies have determined that the abundant amino acid residues in collagen peptides support cellular growth and proliferation (25). We further investigated the effects of hCOL 1A1-CED on cell adhesion and growth using the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, which is an
Previous studies have suggested that the skin aging is induced by intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, which are both accompanied with histopathological and immunohistochemical alternations (1). Intrinsic pathway of skin aging is a process of both the qualitative and quantitative changes, including diminished or defective collagen and elastin production in the dermis (27, 28). To evaluate the effect of hCOL1A1-CED on elastin synthesis, we analyzed elastin levels in the culture media of HDFs treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml), EGF (1 μg/ml), or hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml). Elastin synthesis significantly increased in the hCOL1A1-CED-treated group, compared with the TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) and EGF (1 μg/ml)-treated groups and the NC group, whereas fibronectin synthesis was not affected by hCOL1A1-CED treatment (Fig. 4C, D), likely representing that the lack of binding affinity to fibronectin (29) does not speculate on fibronectin synthesis.
Next, to test whether hCOL1A1-CED is associated with skin aging, we further measured melanin synthesis. We observed that melanin synthesis was not altered by treatment with hCOL1A1-CED in B16F10 melanoma cells, whereas vitamin C treatment significantly reduced melanin synthesis (Fig. 4E). Additionally, the gene expression of
In conclusion, hCOL1A1-derived CED enhances collagen type I and elastin synthesis, cell proliferation as well as cell migration; both of these proteins are known to be effective anti-skin aging agents. Although the hCOL1A1-derived CED could induce anti-wrinkle effects, such as those facilitated by the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, we should remain cognizant of its potential side effects when used as a cosmeceutical ingredient.
(The detailed methods are described in the “Supplementary Materials and Methods”.)
This work was supported by an INHA UNIVERSITY Research Grant to K.K., research funds for newly appointed professors of Jeonbuk National University to S.B.L., and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (MSIT) to K.K. (2020R1C1C1004015) and S.B.L. (2020R1C1C1014281).
The authors have no conflicting interests.
Fig. 1. Identification of hCOL1A1 domain for the synthesis of collagen type I. (A) Schematic representing full-length hCOL1A1 and its various deletion mutants. (B and C) Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were transfected with plasmids encoding hemagglutinin (HA), as the negative control (NC), HA-tagged full length hCOL1A2 (FL), and each of the deletion mutants (N-terminal chain [N], middle chain [M], or C-terminal chain [C]). Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were collected and cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-HA and anti-tubulin antibodies (B). The amount of collagen type I in transfected HDF culture media was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (C). (D and E) HDF cells were transfected with plasmids encoding HA (NC) and each of the indicated mutants (small middle A [SMA], small middle B [SMB], small middle C [SMC], small middle D [SMD], or small middle E [SME]). Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were collected and cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-HA and anti-tubulin antibodies (D). The amount of collagen type I was measured with an ELISA kit in a transfected HDF-cultured media (E). Results are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analyses (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005).
Fig. 2. Identification of purified hCOL1A1-CED. (A) Coomassie Blue staining of uninduced (without IPTG), induced TCP (total cell protein), or isolated hCOL1A1-CED showed a prominent band; arrows indicate that hCOL1A1-CED was identified using (B) anti-His and (C) anti-hCOL1A1 antibodies by western blot analysis. (D) Identification of hCOL1A1-CED protein in the gel band of isolated hCOL1A1-CED by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The panels show the representative MS/MS spectrum for the identified peptides of GESGPSGPAGPTGAR (1297.61724 m/z, 2+).
Fig. 3. hCOL1A1-CED stimulates cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in HDFs. (A) HDF cells were treated with EGF (0.1 and 1 μg/ml) and hCOL1A1-CED (1 and 10 μg/ml) for 48 h. Cell proliferation, induced by EGF and hCOL1A1-CED, was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. (B and C) HDF cells were treated with EGF (1 μg/ml; 166.7 nM), hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml; 840.9 nM), or TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml; 781.3 pM) for 48 h. The amount of collagen type I in the HDF culture media and mRNA levels of Col1a1 in HDF cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (B) or qRT-PCR (C), respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay (D). (E) HDF cells were treated with EGF (1 μg/ml), TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml), or hCOL1A1-CED (1 and 10 μg/ml), for 48 h. Cells were collected 48 h post-treatment and cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-His (upper panel) or anti-α-tubulin antibodies, respectively. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analyses (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005).
Fig. 4. hCOL1A1-derived protein increases the migration efficiency and elastin production, but not fibronectin production. (A) HaCaT cells were treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml), EGF (1 μg/ml), or hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml) and then subjected to transwell migration assays. Migration was monitored for up to 20 h. The same fields were photographed immediately after treatment and after 20 h, and images were superimposed using Adobe Photoshop. Areas were measured using Image J. A representative result is shown. (B) In vitro wound healing assay in HaCaT (top) or HDF (bottom) cells with TGFβ-1 (10 ng/ml) or hCOL1A1-CED at the indicated concen-tration. The cells were photographed immediately after wounding and 16 hours later, and the pictures were superimposed. A representative result is shown. (C and D) HDF cells were treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml), EGF (1 μg/ml), and hCOL1A1-CED (10 μg/ml) for 48 h. The amount of elastin (C) and fibronectin (D) in the HDF culture media was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (E and F) Melanin contents in B16F10 melanoma cells (E) or expression of indicated genes in HDF cells (F) after treatment with TGFβ-1 or hCOL1A1. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analyses (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005).
Author ORCID Information
KyeongJin Kim
Funding Information INHA UNIVERSITY Jeonbuk National University Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning |
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