Electrophysiology with model membranes. (a) Ion transfer by gramicidin channel in BLM with electrophysiology setup. Ion translocation through the pore is recorded by reference and recording electrodes. (b) Polarization of membrane nanostructures under a magnetic field. Membrane nanostructures can be aligned parallel or perpendicular to the external magnetic field. (c) Patch clamp with membrane tension adjustment on a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) (adapted from (22)). A GUV is positioned over a pore using gentle suction with negative pressure applied to establish a high-resistance giga-ohm seal. This configuration enables patch-clamp techniques to detect the activation of single ion channels.
