Schematic illustration of ER dimerization using biosensors and operational mechanisms. (A) Exhibits a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay for visualizing both homodimerization and heterodimerization of ER subunits upon ligand engagement (67). (B) Depicts the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) for illustrating homo- and heterodimerization of ER subunits (69). (C) Describes a FRET-based technique utilizing fluorescent dyes to track the dissociation of dimerized ERα LBD in the coinvolvement of ER antagonists (6). (D) Outlines a BRET-based biosensor tailored for drug screening endeavors: (Left) Optimization of the BRET biosensor for detecting ER homo- and heterodimerization. (Right) Application of the biosensor in categorizing drugs according to their potential to promote ER dimerization (70). (E) Introduces a proximity ligation assay (PLA)-based methodology for striking visualizations of ERα homodimerization and heterodimerization with ERβ isoforms (71). luciferase (Luc), fluorescent dyes (FDy), and the proximity ligation assay (PLA) are noted.
