The schematics of immunomodulatory metabolites roles in shaping the inflammatory response of the macrophage. (A) The immunoregulatory functions of metabolites in macrophages upon pro-inflammatory stimulation (e.g., LPS/IFN-γ). LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; PHD, prolyl hydroxylase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; IRG1, immune-responsive gene 1; ACLY, ATP-citrate Lyase; PGE2, prostaglandin 2; H3K4me3, histone 3 lysine 4 tri-methylation; H3K27Ac, histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation; SUCNR1, succinate receptor 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ATF3, activating transcription factor 3; Rab32/BLOC3, Rab32/member RAS oncogene family 32/biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1 subunit 3. (B) The immunoregulatory functions of metabolites in macrophages upon anti-inflammatory stimulation (e.g., IL-4/IL-13). IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-13, interleukin-13; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma; UDP-GluNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; ChREBP, carbohydrate response element binding protein; NADPH/NADP, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced/nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized; GPCR/PLC, G protein-coupled receptor/phospholipase C; H3K27me2, histone 3 lysine 4 di-methylation; JAK1/STAT6, janus kinase 1/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; ARG1, arginase 1; FIZZ1, found in inflammatory zone 1; MRC1, mannose receptor C-type 1. The red and blue color-coded components within the figures respectively represent the constituents of anti- and pro-inflammatory responses.

BMB Reports 2022;55:519-27 https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2022.55.11.128

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